Chromosome+X+and+Y

__**Chromosome X Y -**__ Each person normally has one pair of sex chromosomes in each cell. Females have two X chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome. (X chromosome - Genetics Home Reference Oct 2010)

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

__**Sex Chromosome X**__

(Chromosome X: Human Genome Landmarks Poster, July 2000)
 * __Size of chromosome:__** 153 million base pairs

__**"Excerpt From Genome":**__ The X and Y chromosomes are known as the sex chromosomes for the obvious reason that they determine, with almost perfect predestination, the sex of the body." ( Ridley, M. (2006). Chromosomes X and Y, p. 108 )
 * Explanation :The sex chromosomes are very important in determining the sex of a child. The sex chromosomes X and Y greatly impact the sex of the child. Every child receives an X chromosome from his or her mother while the father gives you either the Y chromosome if your a boy, or the X chromosome if your a girl. Without these chromosomes inside your body you would not develop therefore they are very important.

__**Gene 1:**__ **EDA** gene provides instructions for making a protein called ectodysplasin A. This protein is part of a signaling pathway that plays an important role in development before birth. Specifically, it is critical for interactions between two embryonic cell layers called the ectoderm and the mesoderm. In the early embryo, these cell layers form the basis for many of the body's organs and tissues. Ectoderm-mesoderm interactions are essential for the formation of several structures that arise from the ectoderm, including the skin, hair, nails, teeth, and sweat glands. Mutations in the EDA gene can cause hypohidroctic ecdermal dysplasia. (Genes on the X chromosome." //Genetics Home// //Reference" Oct. 2010)//
 * EDA is located at Xq12-q13.1.

**__Gene 2__: XK** gene provides instructions for producing a protein that is found in various tissues of the body, particularly the brain, muscle, and heart. This protein is also present on the surface of red blood cells and carries a molecule known as the Kx blood group antigen. Blood group antigens are found on the surface of red blood cells and determine a number of blood types. When blood cells with unfamiliar antigens enter the bloodstream, the body's immune system recognizes the cells as foreign and may trigger an immune reaction that destroys the foreign blood cells.The function of the XK protein is unclear; researchers believe that it might play a role in transporting substances into and out of cells. On red blood cells, the XK protein attaches to another blood group protein, the Kell protein. The function of this blood group complex is unknown. (Genes on the X chromosome." //Genetics Home Reference", Oct. 2010)//

__**Disorder:**__ (Klinefelter syndrome "//Genetics Home Reference" - July 2008//) (Triple X syndrome - //Genetics Home Reference - January 2009)//
 * **Klinefelter syndrome** is a chromosomal condition that affects males, it does not occur in females. It means that they have an extra copy of the X chromosome in each cell. This type of condition is not inherited. Males with this Klinefelter syndrome tend to have small testes and don't produce enough testosterone. This results in testes not functioning properly. This may lead to affects such as breast enlargement, reduced facial and body hair. Some children and adults with this syndrome are taller than other males their age. Those with this syndrome have a greater chance of developing breast cancer. Boys with this syndrome have difficulty learning and communicating with others. This syndrome affects 1 to 500 males. Klinefelter syndrome increases the risks of health issues, as well as birth effects. Both young boys and adult males can be diagnosed with this syndrom.
 * **Triple X syndrome** also known as trisomy X is also caused by an additional X chromosome in a female's egg. Instead of having 46 chromosomes they have 47. It is most common among women and grils. This type of condition is not inherited. Females tend to be typically taller and have unusual appearances. They are also unable to conceive (become pregant) children. Similarly, this syndrome also leads to greater risks of learning disabilities and delay of development of speech. 10 percent of affected females begin to have seizure and kidney problems. This syndrome affects 1 in 1,000 newborn girls.Both young girls as well as women can be diagnosed with Triple X syndrome.

__**Interesting Fact:**__ (X chromosome //Genetics Home Reference, October 2010)//
 * 1) X is the next largest chromosome after chromosome seven.
 * 2) Many of the genetic conditions are related to the X chromosome.
 * 3) The X chromosome determines the sex of the child.
 * 4) Represents approximately 5 percent of the total DNA in cells.
 * 5) Genes on the X chromosome are among the estimated 20,000 to 25,000 total genes in the human genome.

__**Reference's:**__
 * About the Human Genome Project. (2019, August 8). Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Retrieved April 13, 2011, from http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/about.shtml
 * "Klinefelter syndrome - Genetics Home Reference."//Genetics Home Reference - Your guide to understanding genetic conditions//. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 May 2011. .
 * "X chromosome - Genetics Home Reference." //Genetics Home Reference - Your guide to understanding genetic conditions//. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 May 2011. .
 * "Triple X syndrome - Genetics Home Reference." //Genetics Home Reference - Your guide to understanding genetic conditions//. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 May 2011. .
 * "the purpose of that x-chromosome ." //stevenroddy.com//. N.p., 28 Aug. 2008. Web. 23 May 2011. <"Genes on the X chromosome." Genetics Home Refrence. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 May 2011..<[]>.
 * Ridley, M. (2006). Chromosomes X and Y . //Genome: the autobiography of a species in 23 chapters//(p. 108 ). New York: Harper Perennial.
 * Chromosome X: Human Genome Landmarks Poster. (n.d.). //Oak Ridge National Laboratory //. Retrieved May 24, 2011, from []

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

__**Sex Chromosome Y**__
 * History of the Y chromosome**

According to ("Putting the Gene Back in Genalogy", 2004), they found the following, of the 23 pairs of chromosome in the human body, the Y chromosome is the most stable. The Y chromosome is passed almost entirely intact from father to son like a sealed time capsule.The sex chromosome Y is half a size than the sex chromosome X.

__**size of chromosome:**__ 53 million of base pairs


 * Gene 1:**  USP9Y (ubiquitin-specific protease 9). This gene provides instruction to make proteins and found in Y chromosome. If this gene does not have mutations then, it results in the production of abnormal shortage and nonfunctional proteins, which messes up the pair of sperm cells.It also causes Y chromosome infertility . This gene is used in sperm development, but the function of this gene is not specifically understood.




 * Gene 2 **: SRY(sex determining region protein) gene encodes a copy reason that is a member of the high mobility group which binds DNA proteins, which are the testis-determining factor and it causes the sex determination of the male. Mutations on this gene give translocation of the part Y chromosome and it can contain to the X chromosome which causes XX male syndrome. The function of this gene is that it controls a genetic switch in male development. It is important for determining the male sex by directing the development of supporting the cell precursors.



__**DISORDERS:**__


 * Klinefelter syndrome: **this is a chromosomal condition that affects male sexual development in which they have small testes that do not produce enough testosterone, the hormone that directs male sexual development before birth. In this disorder the older children and adults are usually taller than other males in their age. Klinefelter syndrome affects 1 in 500 to 1,000 males and it does not occur in females. This disease happens when a male have extra copy of X in their sex chromosome, so instead of 46, XY they have 47, XXY.


 * XYY syndrome: **this disorder is recognized by an extra copy of the Y chromosome in each male cell. The males with this disorder tend to be taller than the average and this mutation of an extra Y do not cause that much of physical features. 47, XYY syndrome is connected with an high risk of learning disabilities and usually have late development of speech and language skill. They also have weak muscles, delayed in walking and sitting and have emotional difficulties. In this disorder a small percentage of males are diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorders. 47, XYY occurs in about 1 in 1,000 newborn boys and 5 to 10 boys with this syndrome are born in the USA each day.

__**Interesting fact:**__
 * 1) The Y chromosome is passed down from father to son__**.**__
 * 2) Over time, surely but slowly the y chromosome has been disappearing.
 * 3) SRY is what determine whether you are a boy or girl.
 * 4) SRY is stands for sex reversal which means that it can be destroyed or added.
 * 5) The y chromosome is 1/3 the size of the x chromosome.
 * 6) The SRY gene is the fastest evolving.

__**References:**__


 * ===="47,XYY syndrome - Genetics Home Reference." //<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Genetics Home Reference - Your guide to understanding genetic conditions //<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 May 2011. <http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/47xyy-syndrome>. ====
 * ====<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">"Klinefelter syndrome - Genetics Home Reference."//Genetics Home Reference - Your guide to understanding genetic conditions//. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 May 2011. <http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/klinefelter-syndrome>. ====
 * ====<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">"The XYY Factor: How a rare chromosome disorder brought my son a world of pain | Mail Online." //<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Home | Mail Online //<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 May 2011. <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-1082293/The-XYY-Factor-How-rare-chromosome-disorder-brought-son-world-pain.html>. ====
 * ====<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">translocation, chromosomal. "SRY Gene - GeneCards | SRY Protein | SRY Antibody."//GeneCards V3 - Human Genes | Gene Database | Gene Search//. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 May 2011. <http://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=SRY>. ====